How Large Was the Largest Ancient Empire

When referring to ancient/classical History, its easy to lose sight of the fact that Rome wasnt the only country with an empire and that Augustus wasnt the only empire-builder. Anthropologist Carla Sinopoli says empires tend to be associated with single individuals, especially — among the ancient empires — Sargon of Akkad, Chin Shih-Huang of China, Asoka of India, and Augustus of the Roman Empire; however, there are many empires that are not so linked. Sinopoli builds a composite definition of an empire as a territorially expansive and incorporative kind of state, involving relationships in which one state exercises control over other sociopolitical entities...  The diverse polities and communities that constitute an empire typically retain some degree of autonomy. ... Which Was the Largest Empire in Antiquity? The question here, though, is not what an empire is, although its important to keep that in mind, but which and what size was the largest empire. Rein Taagepera, who has compiled useful stats for students on the duration and size of ancient empires, from 600 B.C. (elsewhere his stats date to 3000 B.C.) to 600 A.D., writes that in the ancient world, the Achaemenid Empire was the largest empire. This doesnt mean it had the most people or lasted longer than others; it just means it was at one time the ancient empire with the largest geographic area. For details on the calculation, you should read the article. At its height the Achaemenid Empire was larger than that of the empire-seizer Alexander the Great: A superimposition of the maps of Achaemenid and Alexanders empires shows a 90% match, except that Alexanders realm never reached the peak size of the Achaemenid realm. Alexander was not an empire-founder but an empire-seizer who arrested the decline of the Iranian empire for a few years. At its greatest extent, in c. 500 B.C., the Achaemenid Empire, under Darius I, was 5.5 square megameters. Just as Alexander did for his empire, so the Achaemenids had earlier taken over the pre-existing Median empire. The Median Empire had reached its peak of 2.8 square megameters in about 585 B.C. — the largest empire to date, which the Achaemenids took less than a century to almost double. Sources: Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.  Rein Taagepera.  Social Science History Vol. 3, 115-138 (1979).The Archaeology of Empires. Carla M. Sinopoli. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 23 (1994), pp. 159-180

Kurdish Culture - 1870 Words

Kurdish Culture Anita Palomo Anthropology 101 Mr. Steven Sager January 21, 2013 Kurdish Culture The Kurdish people are an indigenous ethnic minority found in the country of Iraq, also in parts of Turkey, North West Iran and smaller areas of North East Syria and Armenia. Ethnically parallel to the Iranians, the Kurds in the past traditionally nomadic herders but are currently mostly seminomadic. The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims. The Kurds are the most populated ethnic group in the world that does not have their own independent country. The Kurds, one day may become independent, but there are still numerous issues that are unresolved in a region saturated with war and disagreements over coveted natural resources (oil). Prior to the†¦show more content†¦Everyone does whatever they can to resolve any conflicts or misunderstandings that may be carried from the year before. Even though most Kurds are no longer nomads, they continue to celebrate important dates associated with that way of life. These include lambing time, celebration before moving the herds to summer p astures, shearing time, and the time of return to the village in the fall. Islamic holidays vary in importance among individual Kurds. The Kurdish nation is very proud of its extravagantly rich oral literature, such as poems, tales, songs, and proverbs. Story-telling, is a highly valued form of communication within the Kurdish culture. The Kurdish language is very different from Arabic and Turkish Languages. There are two major dialects in the Kurdish language, Kurmanji and Dimili-Gurani. These dialects most likely were passed down orally There is no specific music related to the Kurdish princely courts, and music mostly performed in night gatherings is considered classical. Several musical forms are found in this genre. Many songs are epic in nature, such as the popular lawiks which are heroic ballads recounting the tales of Kurdish heroes of the past like Saladin. Heyrans are love ballads usually expressing the melancholy of separation and unfulfilled love. Lawje is a form of religious music and Payizoks are songs performed specifically in autumn. Love songs, dance music, wedding and other celebratoryShow MoreRe latedEssay on How Culture Impacted on Kurdish Community Mental Health590 Words   |  3 PagesCulture is an experience, knowledge, values, beliefs, religion, notions of time, spatial relations, attitudes, meanings, concepts of the world, hierarchies, and possessions acquired by a community in the course of generations. Culture is a part of every human being. It does not matter where someone was born or lived. Every single human being is surrounded by culture that effects his or her life. Culture influence our beliefs, expectations, norms and how someone will think and act. Culture also affectRead MoreThe Kurdistan Workers Party1356 Words   |  6 Pageswithin Turkey. Some people apart of this organization feel that Turkey has oppressed their culture. They want to fight Turkish officials to prove their point. The group was started by Abdullah Ocalan, a man who believes in Marxist-lenist ideas. Abdullah now resides in a Turkish prison but still has control over what the PKK (Kurdi sh workers’ party) does. First, Some history of Abdullah Ocalan. He was born in Kurdish village in the country of Turkey. The city where he was born was Omerli, Turkey, On theRead MoreThe Naqshbandi And Qadiri Brotherhoods1683 Words   |  7 PagesDuring this period, Kurdish nationalist movements were intertwined with Islamic establishments and figures because of their unique ability to disseminate Kurdish propaganda and ideology and mobilize Kurds. Without Islam, Kurdish nationalism never would have been utilized and become such a formidable, active, and persistent force against its Turkish, Persian, Arab, and British opponents. With the spread of religious orders throughout the Kurdistan region, Sufi Islam flourished, thereby creatingRead MoreConflict between Kurds and Turkish Forces Essay examples1592 Words   |  7 PagesConflict between Kurds and Turkish Forces I would not wish on anyone what I went through that day. This is what a Kurdish man said in a Turkish courtroom in October 2003. This was the common testimony among many Kurds that took the stand on a trail against Turkish forces. Hundreds of thousands of Kurds were displaced from their homes and then the villages were burned by the Turkish military. Finally in 2003 the TurkishRead MoreThe Turkish Culture Is Like No Other Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagescomplete strangers, waving towards you, and saying a welcoming greeting. You have found yourself in the outstanding country of Turkey. The Turkish culture is one like no other. Circa three fourths of Turkey’s inhabitants are actually Turkish. Roughly 18% are Kurdish, and the remaining 7% belongs to small clusters (such as the Armenian). The Kurdish people are an ethnic group in Western Asia and Turkey. The Kurds are the fourth largest ethnicity in this area. The three largest ethnic groups in WesternRead MoreCulture Of The Kurds : Culture1531 Words   |  7 PagesCulture of the Kurds According to United Kingdom based news syndicate, BBC, in their article entitled, Who are the Kurds?, â€Å"Between 25 and 35 million Kurds inhabit the mountainous region straddling the borders of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Armenia† (2016). This would make them the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East. Although the Kurds adhere to a number of different religions and creeds, they are considered a race of people with a unique history that separate themselves from theRead MoreSyrian Kurds And The Civil War2258 Words   |  10 Pagesresource control and Kurdish sovereignty. This is a conflict that requires national attention and concern because Syrian Kurds are the largest ethnic group in the world that does not have a state of their own. Kurds originate from Kurdistan, in what is now present-day Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, where the population is now dispersed. They are an ethnic group who have been brutally oppressed by the Ba’ath regime in Syria, after being forced to assimilate into Syrian culture. They are an ethnicRead MoreTurkey After The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire2228 Words   |  9 Pagesit relates to society, this has great cultural implications, because the next generation will make up the moral fabric of society. In order to understand the Turkish youth culture, it is important to first understand the current political climate in Turkey, because politics can determine the mood of a country and its culture. Turkey’s party system currently consists of four main political parties, the Justice and Development Party, Republican People’s Party, Nationalist Movement Party, and the Peoples’Read MoreOverview of Kurdistan Essay2070 Words   |  9 Pagesof the borders in the Middle East divided the Kurdish people between the four countries mentioned earlier. Many states in the world today are based on Max Weber’s definition of a state, â€Å"monopoly on the legitimate use of violence in a given territory†. Iraqi Kurdistan has some of the traits required to be a state per the definition, but it has not been accepted as one by the international community (Oslon 672). Thus, it can be argued that the Kurdish region did not gain international acceptance asRead MoreMy Count ry Assessment Of Syria1461 Words   |  6 PagesMy country assessment of Syria contains much of the recent history, but I believe to truly understand what is happening today, we must understand how historically Syrian politics, geopolitical regional experiences and culture has come into play in the world understanding of a proud, but fractured Country. In this assessment I will tackle modern history, political and insurgent threats to the region and to the United States foreign missions as well as short and long term analysis on the direction

Is the cost of College tuition to high Free Essays

There has been recent chatter that the cost of college tuition is rising more and more each year. It’s a definite setback to every college students especially those of us who can barely afford to pay for community college. It almost forces us to consider taking out college loans just for first two years of college. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the cost of College tuition to high? or any similar topic only for you Order Now But is that even a safe choice? Currently, as of Monday, CNN reporters have announced that college loan interest rates are doubling 6. 8% on July, 1st. Now, I know that loans aren’t the only way to help pay off college. There is always FAFSA, but even FAFSA has cut down on funding and is making it a little trickier to receive the pell grant with their new policies and guidelines. Even though College is very important and a path to a bright and successful future the cost of our tuition is very discouraging. Its honestly a scary thought and it adds another heavy brick to the stress wagon. But According to research there are fine reasons to why the situation has been lead to the where its at today. Odland, Steve. â€Å"College Costs Our of Control. † Forbes. om. Forbes, 24 Mar. 2012. Web. 23 June 2013. This article explains how education is an essential part of the American life but it also establishes the expenses and how expensive everything has gotten for a college student today. Education is the counterbalance in our country, people can grow up with very little but have a gateway to success by using education. I really like how this article explains how important education is regardless of t he price or school. It gives clear and current data of how much each degree pays off in the end. The information in this article would be useful in a sense to explain how important an education is and what it can deliver in our country. This would be great info to build a perspective for some one who is looking to enroll into college because it gives it an encouraging tone. Nielson, Amy. â€Å"Is College Getting Too Expensive for Americans ? † Deseretnews. N. p. , 18 Mar. 2013. Web. 23 June 2013. In the article Is college getting too expensive for Americans The author Amy Nielson Explains How much the depth for college expenses has grown. She elaborates on students would have to go to colleges closer to home, rather than choosing a college of their preference. For some people the cost of college even limits their choice to picking a career because the cost of your tuition also depends on your career choice. They would also have to cut down on transportation and basic essentials such as food, maintenance, technology†¦ Etc. She concludes by saying that 36% of college students don’t gain the skills they paid for in college, or they aren’t content with their college education. This article would definitely show Both students and administration how the cost of high tuition can give a negative impact on our students by limiting them to go further or choosing what they really want to do. I would probably just use this article for its static’s since a lot of it is much similar to my other sources. Hechinger, John. â€Å"U. S. Colleges Raise Tuition 4. 8%, Outpacing Inflation. † Bloomberg. com. Bloomberg, 24 Oct. 2012. Web. 30 June 2013. With that being said, in my next source U. S colleges Raises tuition 4. 8%, Outpacing inflation explains how drastically tuition has risen in America. It states in the year 2012-2013 they have increased tuition by 4. 2% leaving tuition at 30k / year. This article defines how much debt there has been since 2011 and how other financial aides such as federal aide, and grants have been decreasing due to little government funding. This article also addresses an undesirable truth on how high college prices are and how much debt there has been. This would definitely be a perfect article for the college board, and administration. This would be very helpful trying to open up the eyes of my audience by showing the dramatic increase in college tuition. Morici, Peter. â€Å"College Too High, Delivers Too Little. † Ocregister. com. N. p. , 13 Jan. 2013. Web. 23 June 2013. In this editorial it discusses also the high cost of college but how colleges can rip off a student. Over the decades, Americans have been convinced that jobs are required to have certain skills and knowledge that require a college education such as managers, salesperson, electricians.. Etc. Job titles that were once learned by experience now require a degree or certification. The author Peter Morici is convinced that universities are taking advantage of this. He feels that today institutions and universities focus more on the money than the education. Although this is more of a biased article the author explains well his opinions, and uses persuasive writing and facts to convince his audience. I could use some examples and ideas to do the same with my readers. Holtom, Brooks C. â€Å"College Is worth the Cost. † Http://www. businessweek. com/debateroom/archives/2010/03/college_is_worth_the_cost. html. Bloomberg Business Week, n. d. Web. 30 June 2013. College is worth the cost give both Pros and cons to attending college regardless of the current financial state. Although it points out the flaws (which is mostly the expenses) it praises more the positive outcomes by explaining how much well off a person is with a college education is than someone with just a high school diploma. Using a piece like this would come in handy to an audience of younger people that could be discouraged to go to school. It explains very well the pros and cons, this could inform and give a college student and build their own personal opinion. This source was ok but a lot of it was a repeat the only distinction is that it shows both positive and negative points which was helpful, ut a lot of the information I already know. Gonzales, Sara. â€Å"Why It’s Harder for College Students to Get Financial Aid This Summer. † Florida RSS. State Impact, 14 May 2012. Web. 01 July 2013. Amongst all of this we cant forget about FAFSA. FAFSA has also shrunk their privileges lately and instead replace them with more loans. Recently a lot of students have â€Å"maxed out their Grants during the fall and spring, having students not having enough for summer school. The reason why students have Maxed out their loans is because FAFSA doesn’t lend as much money because heir has been some recent changes to the qualifications, a significant one being that they lowered the amount of income a family can make in order to qualify. This article would be very well used in an article for students and the college board. This current information is important for a student to know and hopefully it would open of the college board to see how much our options are declining. Using this up to date information would be very effective i n my research since it effects a lot of students such as myself. How to cite Is the cost of College tuition to high?, Papers

Employment Relations Fair Work Commission

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relationsfor Fair Work Commission. Answer: Introduction The Fair Work Commission (FWC) is a standout amongst the most popular national working environment relations tribunal arranged in Australia (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The FWC is one out of the free bodies that has the ability to pass on different processes. It is possessed with the joining of moral trust in the haggling method with the affiliations and generating convincing enterprise agreements. The managerial bodies work together with different affiliations, and there exists the incorporation of agreements. It is FWCs commitment to create important agreements that would be productive for both the social events (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The Commission is accountable for taking off major variations in the agreements. Additionally, the Commissions commitment also includes asserting the awaiting agreements. This composition would discourse on the unmistakable sorts of enterprise agreements and the specific expressions that will be fused into the agreement. It would determine the necessities of the required dealing process and the route towards attainment of support for enterprise agreements. The part played by Fair Work Commission in these areas would be analyzed comprehensively (Naughton, 2012). Discussion An agreement could be portrayed as the terms and conditions that describe the work among delegates and the organizations. Agreements are all around of two sorts, for example, "agreement based transitional instruments" and "enterprise agreements". The agreement based transitional instruments incorporate the aggregate agreements and separate agreements. These categories of agreements will combine the aggregate agreements, guaranteed agreements, work environment agreements and so on (Walpole, 2015). The enterprise agreements incorporate the varied categories of personages and what's more, aggregate agreements that happen to exhibit the working environment associations. These types of agreements take place via the strategy for aggregate bartering that is done in consistence with customary reasonableness. The enterprise agreements are completed by game-plan via the arrangement of enterprise dealing (Westacott, 2017). An enterprise infers a kind of commercial constituent that can get a han dle on or meander. As demanded by the Fair Work Commission, there can exist a collection of enterprise agreements. There are two courses, with the help of which the Commission underpins the enterprise agreements - both by an agreement conducted amongst the workforces and corporate, or they could be demanded by purging the frailty or precariousness. The trade might provide their enthusiasm for backing up the grouping by electing them (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The enterprise agreements could join a comprehensive gathering of affairs, for illustration, salary rates, trade situations (checking meal breaks, breaks and hours of work), counselling sections, go head to head concerning affirmation guidelines and the thought conveyed by means of the pays (asserted by the delegate). The enterprise agreements are arranged for furnishing insistence for smallest salary rates and furthermore original trade situations (Gahan and Pekarek, 2012). The Fair Work Commission can assess a few types of agreements. These may include multi-enterprise agreements, Greenfields agreements and individual enterprise agreements. The single enterprise agreements will cover the agreements that are arranged amongst one trade and workforces (who are exploited at the time of agreement plan). The individual administrators are customarily measured as united undertakings or the general scheme firms (MacDonald and Charlesworth, 2013). The multi-enterprise agreements fuse the agreement that is made amongst numerous associations and the agents (Creighton, 2012). The Greenfield agreements are set up in a relationship with another official part that is prepared in advance to the exertion of new staffs. The involved get-togethers of this kind of agreement fuse the trade and one or a couple of operative memberships, (let's say, exchange unions). One and all of these kinds of agreements are being verified, evaluated, reviewed and grasped by the Fair Work C ommission (Forsyth, 2015). The FWC shares in the accessibility of the ultimate enterprise agreements that justifies the built up course of action of the state. The Commission emphases on the differing essential terms that have to be presented in the agreements. There are certain compulsory fragments that must be in attendance in the enterprise agreements. These join the evident expiration date, address payment system, flexibility term and consultation term. There are several terms that cannot be intertwined into the enterprise agreements. These expressions join the single term, closed term, the term recognized with avoidable refutation, present development game-plans, the right of zone ability and any expression classifying with State or Territory (Brodie, 2014). The Fair Work Commission partakes in the inspection of the enterprise agreements and tests if there exists any banned substances in it. The support of the agreements that comprise illicit matter is repudiated by the Commission (Fair Work Commission, 2 017). The Fair Work Commission takes a dynamic part of the status of the agreements. The Fair Work Act, 2009 provides versatile, immediate and sensible structure that aids the specialists and the associations with the target that they could oversee consistence with ordinary decorum (Fair Work Act 2009, 2017). The associations, specialists and the operative associations are included with the overseeing system via the enterprise agreements. The corporate must edify the workforces with yielding on their true side to be indicated by one of the overseeing agents at the time of the enterprise agreements (these must not exceed 14 days). The notice methodology must be provided to the current specialist that is joined into the enterprise agreement. The trade that may be fused into the Greenfield agreement must give complete communication to each out of the operator connection. The communication must as well unite the commencement date of the six-month trade. The haggling representative ought to put everything in order which may be picked by every one of the social events had with the enterprise agreements. This individual will address the get-togethers at the time of the negotiating method (Roles and O'Donnell, 2013). The Fair Work Commission is included with investigating and supporting the enterprise agreements. This is completed with the aid of two or three phases that ought to be straggled by the trade. The associations ought to pledge that there is seven days afore the way in the direction of balloting for the various agreement. The experts are being provided the agreement replica, and all the basic circumstances are solidified into the enterprise agreements. The corporate is supposed to provoke the specialists in regards to the location and stretch of the balloting strategy. It is besides essential to teach them about the polling technique employed. The business has a duty to make each practical progress so that the standings of the work agreement are fulfilled. The pros has a duty to be made aware of the standings and situations that must be specified sensibly. The operators are necessary to ensure the agreement by contributing in the polling methodology (Hardy, Howe Cooney, 2013). The Fair Work Commission has definite techniques for supporting the enterprise agreements. The submissions are being studied by Fair Work Commission that should be ended inside 14 days of the organizing of the agreement. The Fair Work Commission tests the request form and tests whether it has satisfied all of the norms or not. The agreement must be in accord of the authorities who are being solidified into the agreement. By the righteousness of the multi-enterprise agreements, the agreement is duty-bound to be corresponded by one and all of the links. In this framework, no personage is supposed to be challenged to oblige or constrained so that the agreements are being completed. The agreement must sustain the benchmarks of "Better Off Overall Test (BOOT)". The agreement is supposed to be devoid of prohibited expressions, which join terms regarding real pieces of attire or footwear outworkers (Heron and Charlesworth, 2012). There is a couple of debate which every now and again concern the utilization of an agreement. Each one of the agreements does contain an arrangement that plans with the debate assurance. The Fair Commission alludes to the question, and it grasps a mix of strategies to choose the given sureness (Fair Work Commission, 2017). They will modify each one of the probabilities coming in the strategy for the agreements. The people from the Commission may partake in the get-together and gathering of information in the arrangement of courses remembering the ultimate objective to check the capabilities. They can summon a man to go to the commission. They can welcome social events with the objective that they can have made or talked passages (Fair Work Commission, 2017). It may in like manner be necessary to provide report copies or provide other pertinent information to the Commission. The FWC has placed stringent basics that must be assured by the associations so that their agreement is demanded. There are constructive pre-bolster phases that must be taken by the associations so that the endorsing strategy is gotten. The trade is supposed to carry out all the practical strolls so that the agreement is bolstered by the FWC (Fair Work Commission, 2017). The standings of the agreement and essential brightening of the standings is supposed to be delivered on to the operators occupied in the connection. It is essential to light up the inconspicuous segments of the agreement with the experts. The indirect segments is supposed to be cultivated suitably. It is supposed to be all around revealed to all of the workforces of the connection having a place from the communally excellent underpinning or specialists who have enrolled newly in the structure. A large share of the workforces who may be protected by the agreement (projected) requests to state the same by hurling thei r polls for it. There are altered measures for the specific categories of agreement, to be specific, single-enterprise, Greenfields and multi-enterprise. On the off chance that the Fair Work Commission funds the agreement, then it would question a selection near to the upheld agreement. The basic agreements would be attached to it, and one replica will be sent to all the comprised parties (Grayson, 2016). Conclusion The Fair Work Commission is one of the best governmental groups that controls an effective measure of work. The associations and the operators are joined into a run of the mill relationship, which is controlled by the laws of the Fair Work Commission. The diverse sorts of agreements are talked about, for example, aggregate agreements, aggregate agreements, work environment agreements, admitted agreements. The enterprise agreements are broad of some matters to be specific pay rates, consultative fragments, question confirmation benchmarks and work conditions. There are for the most part different sorts of the agreement, for example, Greenfields agreements, multi-enterprise agreements and individual enterprise agreements. The FWC appreciates the game-plan of the ultimate enterprise agreements that justifies the true blue game plan of the state. The agreements are arranged by bearing in mind a large measure of sections. The FWC shares over the span of activity of the model enterprise ag reements that justifies the right structure of the nation. There are a small number of phases that manage the guaranteeing technique of the agreements. The unmistakable types of the consideration are additionally examined. The firm statutes relating to bolster handle have besides been reviewed. References Brodie, D. (2014). Fair dealing and the world of work.Industrial Law Journal, dwu001. Creighton, B. (2012). International labour standards and collective bargaining under the Fair Work Act 2009.Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective,9, 46. Fair Work Act 2009. (2017).Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C01108 Fair Work Commission | Australia's national workplace relations tribunal. (2017).Fair Work Commission. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/ Forsyth, A. (2015). Could Canadian-style interest arbitration work in Australia.Australian Business Law Review,43(2), 121-137. Gahan, P., Pekarek, A. (2012). The rise and rise of enterprise bargaining in Australia, 19912011.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,22(3), 195-222. Grayson, A. (2016). A how to guide to the Fair Work Commission.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 14. Hardy, T., Howe, J., Cooney, S. (2013). Less Energetic but More Enlightened: Exploring the Fair Work Ombudsman's Use of Litigation in Regulatory Enforcement.Sydney L. Rev.,35, 565. Heron, A., Charlesworth, S. (2012). Working time and managing care under Labor: whose flexibility?.Australian Bulletin of Labour,38(3), 214. MacDonald, F., Charlesworth, S. (2013). Equal pay under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): mainstreamed or marginalised.UNSWLJ,36, 563. Naughton, R. (2012). The role of Fair Work Australia in facilitating collective bargaining.Rediscovering Collective Bargaining: Australia's Fair Work Act in International Perspective, 1st edn. New York: Routledge, 68-89. Roles, C., O'Donnell, M. (2013). The Fair Work Act and worker voice in the Australian Public Service.Adel. L. Rev.,34, 93. Walpole, K. (2015). The Fair Work Act: Encouraging collective agreement-making but leaving collective bargaining to choice.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,25(3), 205-218. Westacott, J. (2017). Enterprise Bargaining On The Brink Of Failure. Bca.com.au. Retrieved 6 April 2017, from https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure